Class

A class is a blue print defined which groups functions and properties. Classes in Kotlin are defined using the keyword class followed by the class name. The body goes inside the curly braces.

class FirstClass {
}

Syntax of class in Kotlin

An instance of the class is instantiated in the following way

val firstClass = FirstClass()

instance of the class

Contrary to Java, new isn’t a keyword in Kotlin.

val new = FirstClass()

new is not a keyword

Classes by default are final in Kotlin. To make a class non-final we need to append the keyword open.

open class FirstClass {
}

Syntax of class in Kotlin

By default classes in Kotlin are not inheritable. The open annotation allows others to inherit from this class.

Let’s create a class with a few functions and a property.

class User {
    var loggedIn: Boolean = false
    val cantChangeValue = "Hi"
    
    fun logOn() {
        loggedIn = true
    }
    
    fun logOff() {
        loggedIn = false
    }
}

fun main(args: Array) {
    val user = User()
    println(user.loggedIn) // false
    user.logOn()
    println(user.loggedIn) //true
    user.logOff()
    println(user.loggedIn) //true
    user.cantChangeValue = "Hey" //Error: Val cannot be reassigned
}

Example of class in Kotlin

Suppose that the function main belongs to the Test.kt class. To access members and functions, we need to use the dot operator.

Init

class User {    
    init {
        print("Class instance is initialised.") //"Class instance is initialised."
    }

    var loggedIn: Boolean = false
    val cantChangeValue = "Hi"

    fun logOn() {
        loggedIn = true
    }

    fun logOff() {
        loggedIn = false
    }
}

Init

The code inside the init block is the first to be executed when the class is instantiated. The init block is run every time the class is instantiated, with any kind of constructor as we shall see next.

class MultiInit(name: String) {
    init {
        println("First initializer block that prints ${name}") //First initializer block that prints Kotlin
    }
    init {
        println("Second initializer block that prints ${name.length}") //Second initializer block that prints 6
    }
}

fun main(args: Array) {
    var multiInit = MultiInit("Kotlin")
}

Second initializer block

We can write multiple init blocks also. In this case the blocks will sequentially executed.

Constructor

Kotlin constructors are special member functions that are used to initialize properties. By default a class has an empty constructor. In the previous examples we had empty contructurs.

Primary Constructors

Primary Constructors in Kotlin are defined in the class header itself.

class User(var name: String, var isAdmin: Boolean) {
    init {
        name = "Inspire Coding"
        println("Author Name is $name . Is Admin? $isAdmin")
    }
}

Primary constructors

The primary constructors definition goes inside the class header. We have defined the property types(val/var) in the constructor itself. Note: Unless stated as a var, by default, constructor arguments are val.

Constructor Default Values

Kotlin allows us to specify default values in the constructor itself.

class User(name: String, var website: String = "Inspire Coding") {
    init {
        println("Author $name writes at $website")
    }
}
fun main(args: Array) {
    var user = User("Peter","Inspire Coding")
    user = User("David","uigitdev")
}

Output
Author Peter writes at Inspire Coding
Author David writes at uigitdev

Secondary Constructors

Secondary Constructors are written inside the body of the class by prefixing with the keyword constructor. The most common usage of secondary constructors comes in subclasses when you need to initialize the class in different ways.

class Student {
    var name: String
    val age : Int

    constructor(name: String, age: Int)
    {
        this.name = name
        this.age = age
    }

    fun printDetails() {
        println("Name is $name and Age is $age")
    }
}

fun main(args: Array) {
    var student = Student("Peter", 31)
    student.printDetails()
}

Output
Name is Peter and Age is 31

If the functions (here the consturctor) contains arguments with the same name, then must refer to the primary variable using the this keyword. init block is used to initialise the member property skill. The secondary constructor delegates to the primary constructor using: this.

class Student(var name: String, val age: Int)
{
    var skill: String

    init {
        skill = "NA"
    }

    constructor(name: String, age: Int, skill: String) : this(name, age) {
        this.skill = skill
    }

    fun printDetails() {
        if (skill.equals("NA"))
            println("Name is $name and Age is $age")
        else
            println("Name is $name and Age is $age Skill is $skill")
    }
}

fun main(args: Array)
{ 
    var student = Student("Peter", 24)
    student.printDetails()
    student = Student("Peter", 24, "Kotlin")
    student.printDetails()
}

Output
Name is Peter and Age is 31
Name is Peter and Age is 31 Skill is Kotlin

Questions

I hope the description was understandable and clear. But if you have still questions, then leave me comments below! 😉

Have a nice a day! 🙂

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